Flap Formation in Endoscopic DCR

This narrated video demonstrates the formation of lacrimal sac and nasal mucosal flaps in endo DCR and reviews the different instruments that can be used for these steps of endo DCR and the way that the flaps should sit after they have been formed and opened out 다운로드.

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Forming anterior and posterior lacrimal sac flaps can be one of the more challenging stages of endoscopic DCR 다운로드.

The lacrimal sac is tented up with a Bowman probe. The exquisitely sharp disposable cataract keratome is being used to make a longitudinal, vertical incision in the lacrimal sac 의천도룡기 2019 한글자막 다운로드.

The full vertical height of the sac is incised; this can be continued with the keratome taking great care not to damage the canalicular opening, also known as the internal ostium and the lateral mucosal surface of the lacrimal sac 다운로드. Alternatively an angled spear knife can be used to continue the incision; it is less sharp so may reduce the risk of damage to the sac and ostium but sometimes tears the sac a little

A hooked micro sickle knife is being used to make the horizontal transverse cuts at the top and bottom of the anterior lacrimal sac flap 코코 더빙판 다운로드. This can be an unsatisfactory step because they are frequently blunt and the lack of counter traction, can tear rather than cut the lacrimal sac.

Straight Belucci microscissors are being used to make the transverse cuts at the top and bottom of the posterior lacrimal sac flap 다운로드.

Sometimes the lacrimal sac mucosa is thickened, perhaps from chronic inflammation or even occasional lymphoproliferative disease 다운로드. In this case the microbite lusk forcep can be used to make the transverse incisions at the top and bottom of the posterior lacrimal sac flap. This throughbiting instrument is generally sharp and cuts well but does excise a bit of tissue, which may reduce the mucosal apposition at the top and bottom slightly my summer car.

Depending on one’s endo DCR technique the raised and reflected nasal mucosal flap can be too large to neatly abut the end of the posterior lacrimal sac flap 다운로드. It is being trimmed here with a microbite Lusk forcep. This nice instrument cuts well when the jaws are being closed whilst simultaneously pulling the flap towards you to create couter-traction office 365 학생.

The flaps should open freely, without a tension pulling them forward or closed again, rather like opening an old book with a very worn spine.  The anterior lacrimal sac is reflected anteriorly to rest against the lateral nasal wall but does not adjoin a nasal mucosa flap end to end like in external DCR. The posterior flap is reflected backwards and can be positioned to abut the end of the raised and later trimmed nasal mucosa so as to create a continuous mucosal lining. This may reduce the risk of subsequent fibrosis and osteal closure. Most endoscopic DCR surgeons do not suture the flaps and while this can be done studies that have found similar recurrence rates for endo and external DCR report endo DCR without flap suturing.